E I Individual assignment online Essay example - 1449 Words

Question 1: How Can Knowledge and Creativity to be used to provide competitive advantage in a competitive marketplace – and how might this advantage be protected and preserved at present? Introduction In todays global business, sustaining a competitive position is a supreme concern. Competition within the small and medium business industry is intense with many competitors. The ability of a firm to survive depends on how the firm takes advantage of the opportunities in the market place to satisfy its customers. Many companies have demonstrated their capabilities of being been sensitive to their customers by trying to understand customers’ needs and customers’ complaint taking initiatives to meet those needs. Knowlegde Creativity†¦show more content†¦Increasing globalization has resulted in more business opportunities but the marketplace has also become more crowded and competition has increased (McMullan and Shepherd 2006). Creativity enables the entrepreneur to act on these opportunities in ways which can result in competitive advantage for the organization. It can provide the basis for innovation and business growth, as well as impacting positively on society generally (Bilton 2007, quoted in Fillis 2006). As average business longevity is short, innovation becomes one of the sustainable sources of competitive advantage. Tidd et al (2005) define that there are four types of innovation: 1) Product innovation – a new products or developments on products, e.g. smart phone. 2) Process innovation – assembly line process, e.g. just-in-time production. 3) Positioning innovation – adjustment in context launched, e.g. Lucozade repositioned as a sports drink instead of a medicinal drink 4) Paradigm innovation – adjustment in models does, e.g. skype Either one type of innovation could benefit the corporate to obtain on favorable terms of competitive advantage. Each of them could be a remarkable step of corporates to be a cost leadership or differentiation advantage. Protection and preservation the advantage If the innovation is the creation of new knowledge and inventions and indeed, they are valuable assets to the company. This causes a question that howShow MoreRelatedEssay on Government Support of E-Business1256 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment 5- P6/P7 In this assignment I am going to explain how the government supports the development of e-business and I will use example to support my answers. Also I am going to produce a personal development plan to aid an individual to prepare for increased use of business online. Government e-commerce regulations about online business The E-commerce Regulations apply to businesses which sell goods or services to businesses or consumers through a number of different ways. These canRead MoreThe Third Artefact For My Portfolio1475 Words   |  6 PagesThe third artefact for my portfolio was Assignment 3 in course Mdde 605, titled: Globe Driving Academy Business Plan. Its purpose was to identify a business structure from the strategic plan and multi-year strategic goals and to reflect the potential for growth. Students were expected to include financial plans and a balanced scorecard reflecting and measuring an organization’s success. This 43-page document covered everything from Business visions, motivation product services, marketing schemesRead MoreLegal Ethical Issues with Advertising and Online Counseling1385 Words   |  6 Pagesbreeched. (McMinn, 1999). One new way in which technology has been used to extend the services of the counseling field is through online counseling. According to Corey (2011), online counseling can be beneficial because some consumers want brief and anonymous therapy, some clients who are unwilling to participate in traditional therapy may be willing to accept help online, it’s easier for persons with physical disabilities, may be easier for clients who experience anxiety, allows for access to clientsRead MoreE-business: Marketing and Customer Value Proposition1472 Words   |  6 PagesINDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT E-BUSINESS NAME : NUR ALIZA BINTI AFANDI NO ID : 1111101611 INTAKE : DMG JULY 2011 LECTURER’S NAME : MADAM NOR IZZATI BT NOR AZIZ SUBMISSION DATE : 19th SEPTEMBER 2012 CONTENTS NO | CONTENTS | PAGE NO | 1 | INTRODUCTION | 3 | 2 | QUESTION 1 | 4 | 3 | ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES | 5 | 4 | QUESTION 2 | 6-7 | 5 | QUESTION 3 | 8-10 | 6 | CONCLUSION | 11 | 7 | REFERENCE | 12 | INTRODUCTION I’mRead MoreDttls Unit 2 – Planning and Enabling Learning Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesEnabling Learning Theory Assignment Selected Research – Rationale Methodology I am constantly undertaking research that will improve my teaching skills and this research has been ongoing for ten years. When undertaking the research for this particular assignment, I identified key words and phrases associated with the topic ‘Planning and Enabling Learning’. I used ‘Safari’ ‘Firefox’ web browsers and utilised ‘Google Scholar’ and ‘Yahoo’ search engines. I searched worldwide sourcesRead MoreDesign And Evaluation Of A Collaborative Learning Environment1586 Words   |  7 Pagespromote individual accountability and positive interdependence, and the use of progress reports and product versions was useful for coordinating and monitoring the learning process. However, the study concludes that additional strategies might be needed for more effective collaboration to take place. My theory of incorporating test results into the mix may be what’s needed!(Wang, 2009) Factors Influencing Creativity in Virtual Design Teams: An Interplay between Technology, Teams and Individuals. ThisRead MoreGeneral Survey Of Major British Literary Masterpieces From The Anglo Saxon Period1136 Words   |  5 PagesCOURSE SYLLABUS and CALENDAR Course Name Number: British Literature I Semester Year: Fall 2016 ENGL 2322.370 Online Catalog Description: General survey of major British literary masterpieces from the Anglo-Saxon period through the 18th century; reports and essays. Course Prerequisite(s): Successful completion of ENGL 1301 Course Type: Academic NCTC Core Curriculum Course Required Textbooks Materials: The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Vol. A, B, C. Ninth ed. (c. 2012) StephenRead MoreFace-to-Face Versus Online Education972 Words   |  4 Pages103 March 4, 2004 Research Paper 1 Face-to-Face Versus Online Education Education is essential to the future of our society. Many adults, including scholars and teachers, are constantly searching for the best way to educate students today. Face-to-face education, being the genuine form, seems to be the first choice of many students. However, online education is becoming more popular and is being used more often at universities. Online courses are convenient for some who have busy schedules whichRead MoreInformation Need Without Changing The Context Of Research Paper Reading1354 Words   |  6 Pageswhile reading online research papers. Unit of Analysis In any social science study the unit of analysis is the first decisions. It is the person, collection of persons, or object which is the target of the investigation. Unit of analysis include individuals, groups, organizations, countries, technologies, objects, and such others. In this research study our unit of analysis is individual (i.e. users). We will study that to what extent the use of Search Facilitation pane helps an individual in performingRead MoreOnline vs Traditional Education Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Com/155 Online Versus Traditional Education It is a hassle when you are trying to decide what schooling you want to go to. With the controversy of attending college, many people wonder which education is better online or traditional education. You have to decide whether to go online or traditional education. Since education price is rising a lot of students are choosing online because it is more flexible. When you look at it you are getting the same thing from both, which

Impact of Online Gaming on the Students - 4412 Words

Introduction Online gaming has emerged as a popular and successful source of entertainment and play for people of all ages, especially for the students. It refers to the games that are played over some forms of computer network, typically on the internet. These games are played online, in which you can connect with multiple players. It is normally platform independent, relying on the web browser and appropriate plug-in. It is one of the best inventions that is made ever by human beings. It has the ability to link players together. It has been one of the most popular activities in entertaining for younger people. Because of this, almost everybody is into it. Its fantastic characteristic makes a lot of students become hook on†¦show more content†¦Online gaming consumes most of their time. Instead of prioritizing other important things, they spend most of their time playing. SOLUTION: Don’t spend too much time than normal to online gaming. Students should learn how to balance their time appropriately. They should know how to use it wisely. Aside from that, they should be doing first what is more important. Start to have Poor Eyesight Vision Too much playing online games causes students to have poor eyesight vision. When almost all day, they’re eyes are centered on computer, they might start to have bad eyesight. SOLUTION: Give your eyes enough rest. Don’t face the computer almost the whole day. After online gaming for normal time, make sure that youre going to rest your eyes. Lack of Sleep Students are known to be highly socially active. They get used to sleeping late at night. Though they have early classes for the next day, most of them stay late at night just for online gaming. SOLUTION: Always bear in mind that people need 8-10 hours of sleep per day. Get enough rest. Health issues Because of getting addicted on online gaming, students tend to skip their meals often or they just eat junk foods that is lack of nutrients to provide what the body neeeds. Illness start SOLUTION: Always eat on time. Waste of Money Students don’t know how to save money. They’re spending too much of it for online gaming. SOLUTION: DONT get addicted! Significance ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of Online Games on the Filipino Youth1653 Words   |  7 Pageshunger is Online Gaming. Online gaming has such a profound impact on not only the young, but dynamically every age group as well. So far, virtually anyone is able to go on a computer and punch through the keys and mouse in order to get a high score, chat with players, get the rarest items, and level up as fast as possible. Yes, there seems to be no restriction as to whom, how or what online gaming can extend to. As in any situation where new technology is introduced, the social impact of the InternetRead MoreThe Current Generation Of School Age1131 Words   |  5 Pagesarguably where a student needs to apply the most discipline and commitment to his or her studies. What could deter an appropriate amount of commitment and dedication to one’s studies is Internet addiction, among other things. Two studies show this to indeed be the case. A study conducted among students in the Sukkur Institute of Business Administration (Sukkur IBA) in Pakistan aimed to find a correlation between Internet addiction and time management, and subsequently the impact of time managementRead MoreThe Relationship between Playing Multiplayer Online Games and Developing Communication Like Skills886 Words   |  4 PagesThis research attempts to identify if any, a relationship between playing multiplayer online games and developing communication like skills. Online multiplayer video games involve thousands of players all over the world who may play solo, in teams, or with one other player. To begin the study, a survey will be created in order to gather information on the communication skills of collaborative gaming individuals. The survey will have subjects answer different questions regarding their communicationRead MoreThe Polarity Of College Students1026 Words   |  5 PagesCollege Students Back in my days, we were not fortunate enough to... Gotcha! Did you expect that to be a dull story like our grandparents or parents may have told to show us how much more difficult their lives were? Not exactly, this writing is about how college students of this generation make use of digital technology. The wide spread of today’s technology via computers or smartphones results in constant connectivity to the internet. Social media, video gaming, information databases, and online classesRead MoreStudy Habits1010 Words   |  5 PagesChapter 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Responsible gaming is an attitude the students need if they were to engage into playing computer online games. Developing this attitude is not a personal choice alone, it required the participation of the society. As time continues to run, our world keeps getting more advance and modernize and until now, it doesn’t stop. One of the finished products of modernization is the machine called computer. Since it was invented and being developed, itRead MoreThe Polarity Of College Students1078 Words   |  5 PagesPolarity of College Students Back in my days, we were not fortunate enough to... Gotcha! Did you expect that to be a dull story like our grandparents or parents may have told to show us how much more difficult their lives were? Not exactly, this writing is about how college students of this generation make use of digital technology. The wide spread of today’s technology via computers or smartphones results in constant connectivity to the internet. Social media, video gaming, information databasesRead MorePlaying Video Games Is Beneficial To Children 1220 Words   |  5 PagesEducators seem to have caught on to the power video games have over our children. During the last decade, gaming is one way that teachers have found a strong connection to a good majority of their students. Today video gaming is widely used for educational purposes. â€Å"Interactive games are being used to teach our children history, vocabulary, math, and reading. These same games challenge students to set and achieve goals, wh ile enhancing their ability to work in teams (Slota 1). In elementary schoolsRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Children890 Words   |  4 Pagesthe horrible thoughts about the day he had at school. Barnhill is not the only person that uses video gaming as an escape from life. Many people play video games for many different reasons. According to the Pew Internet American Life Project survey, in 2008, 44% of gamers report that they play video games because it helps to learn about a problem in society. Barnhill, now a graduate student at the University of West Alabama is pursing a Masters of Arts in Teaching. He’s on track to graduate inRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Social Life1559 Words   |  7 Pages This article discusses the amount of time a average student spends playing video games or socializing during the day. The data in this study about the effect of gaming on social life was obtained by examining the time usage of a 18 year old college student. A chart is provided in an attempt to study this question.The data was collected over five days, divided into three categories which are gaming, social life and work/school. Research showed that people that play video games mostly play at nightRead MoreVirtual Reality and the Gaming Industry1363 Words   |  6 PagesVII. Impact on individuals Teenagers Virtual reality gives huge benefits in education and helps to improve student engagement. It’s one of the best ways to engage and helps the students to understand the subject through virtual reality system. Especially in the virtual reality game will bring significant impact to teenagers. The major three types of impact are social difficulty (socially impaired), physical and psychological difficulty. Even virtual reality is a great tool to learn, but it is

Downfall from Arrogance Free Essays

Downfall from Arrogance The Crucible Is a peculiar name to put for a play. In literal meaning, a crucible Is a special pot In which you put materials In. The pot then goes In the fire, and you end up melting the contents, but not the pot itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Downfall from Arrogance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The way Miller named his play as The Crucible is what literary experts call symbolism. Arthur Miller’s basic purpose of writing this play was to signify that people react to situations in many dfferent ways. In that same way, he symbolizes the attributes of each character as well. In this play, The Crucible, the character Reverend Parris’s consistent arrogance conveys the uthor’s message that before anything else, people will always tend to care for themselves. Reverend Parris’s personality trait can be examined through chronological order † from Act 1 to Act 4. Who was Reverend Parris? As described in Act 1, Parris is the head of the church of the town, and he is considered a respectable person. In his mid-forties, he has already lost his wife, and has a daughter named Betty. In Act 1, Reverend Parris plays a dominant role, along with his arrogance and pride. At the beginning of this act, when Betty is on the bed lying what seems to be nconscious, Reverend Parris tells Thomas Putnam, â€Å"leap not to The people wanted to call In Reverend Hale, the towns expert on witchcraft, to examine Betty and find out what had been going on. Parris, through his arrogance, decided that it would not be a good idea to call in Hale because if Betty were to be announced as a witch, it could ruin his name, since she was his daughter. Just to save his name of being the head preacher of the town, he persisted on not calling in Reverend Hale. Parr’s, along with his undermining arrogance, created a saddening effect on the the town. He Is the main pastor, and so when people hear things from him, they tend to believe him. All that he did was not to keep the people of the ton away from evil. He did what he did so he would hear what he wanted to hear. He wanted to hear that he would not lose his position. Eventually, he did give in and towards the end of Act 1, they do call in Hale. Parris was not at all present in Act 2 directly, although he was in fact mentioned once when they talked about a book in which he kept a record of all the people present on Sabbath Day. Throughout the whole act, however, there was ot a single Instance where his arrogance took an effect on any of the people. In Act 3, however, his arrogance plays a crucial role. When Danforth is talking to John Proctor and Abigail, he decides to step in and say to Danforth that â€Å"this is a trick to blind the court! † (107). He does this again to protect his own name because he does not want Danforth to believe what Mary Warren is saying. During the trial, he asks Mary Warren to faint in front of all the people, falsely. The reason for his demand is because he Is grasping for evidence to prove that Abigail and the girls are not guilty. Parris has a convincing effect on Danforth throughout the whole of the trial because he is trying to protect Abigail, and Danforth has come to a point where he cannot go back. Danforth’s own arrogant nature wont let him reconsider his decisions. Since Abigail has already been proven innocent, Danforth literally won’t listen to new evidence unless some creative logic occurs. Once Elizabeth comes to the trial, Parris Is even more Olstraugnt He tnlnKs tnat EllzaDetn wlll agree wit n Proctor aoout tne adultery he committed, and thus ruin his name for sheltering an adulterer. Ironically, that does not happen. Elizabeth, who Just wanted to save her husband’s name, said that Proctor did not commit adultery. All this while, she knew that he did. At the end of Act 3, we can see that Parris’s arrogance and prideful nature is helping him to get through another round of impulsive evidence put indirectly against him, that could have again hurt his position in Salem. Act 4 is the last act of the play, and in this act, everything changes. Parris comes running to the Jail, where he tells Danforth that Abigail has vanished, along with all of his money. He asked Betty, who told him that they girls were talking about some ships. Within the lines, we can interpret that Abigail disappeared by riding off on a boat. Parris’s view of the whole situation changes, because he then realizes that he made a grave mistake by blaming innocents. He pleads to Danforth to postpone execution and to free the accused, but Danforth, again with his pride that he never failed to make the right decision, decides that he will not reconsider his decision. When Proctor tears up the paper that could have saved his life, Parris looks unto him in utter astonishment. If Parris was in such a situation, he would probably live with the shame, although his arrogance might ake him suffer. That happens when he realized that people are turning against him. He â€Å"fear[s] that there will be riot here† (127). He completely breaks down in front of Danforth after he recounts the knife incident. In conclusion, Parris signifies many different characteristics, but his most important trait being his arrogance, and it affected him negatively. This essay analyzed this trait through the chronological order of acts, from Act 1 to Act 4. He may have gotten through with his arrogance by directing people to love him and keep him in his position, but when the people How to cite Downfall from Arrogance, Papers

Strategic management for tourism hospitality - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic management for tourism hospitality. Answer: Introduction The report will provide detail explanation of the internal and external analysis of the industry and of the business which is discussed in the case study. The case study is focusing on Reed Exhibition Company; it is the worlds leading event organization. Nowadays, most of the people prefer hiring event organizers for various occasions or events. Therefore, this industry is in the boom phase. Overview of company Reed Exhibitions is a division of the Reed Elsevier plc. Reed Elsevier plc is a major international business publisher with offices in UK and Netherlands and it offers its services across the world. The company not only deals with organizing the events but also offer services for automobiles, beauty and cosmetics, broadcasting, electronics, security and many others. Macro analysis PEST analysis Political factors- Reed Exhibitions found fewer barriers in the event industry; it is a positive sign which encourages growth and productivity. The fewer market entry offers an advantage to enjoy the business expansions globally (Ho, 2014). For instance, the company has organized approximately 500 events in more than 30 countries which reflect that they are bringing together more than 6 million event participants from around the world. The company has growth opportunities in the market of China, Russia, Latin America and the Middle East. Therefore, the company should start organizing the events and exhibitions in these countries. Though, the company might face some political trade agreements related to tax, exports and imports duties. Economic factors- The economic factors might affect the exhibition industry in the current market as well as in the potential market. In China, the customers have high purchasing power which is an advantage for a company this can be reflected from the data that is; there is a rise in the GDP of the country from $955 to $7920 since the year 2000. Thus, the rise in the GDP reflects the rise in the purchasing power of buyers which leads to an opportunity for the company to acquire maximum share and revenue (CCPIT, 2015). Social factors- The social factors involve the preference of the customer of the diverse culture. The company organized the events in different countries and the culture of each country varies along with the preference. The changes in the preference and the choices influence the company to bring the changes in the strategy (Rogers and Davidson, 2015). According to the preference, the company organizes the events and exhibitions. Technological factors- The technology factor might create the major impact on the working of the company. With the use of software, a company is able to identify the matching preference of buyers and suppliers. Moreover, this software provides a way to the company in generating opportunity for the business such as creating the customized schedules of meeting with the mutual agreement (Robinson, et.al, 2016). In the year 2013, the Reed travel exhibitions pre-scheduled approximately 210,000 meetings with the help of technology. Micro factors Suppliers- The suppliers of the company can influence the decisions of the company as they play a vital role in providing raw materials and required equipment. There are many suppliers with whom the company purchases the products. These suppliers hold the power in their hand for delivering the quality raw materials (Bowie, et.al, 2016). The company can switch the suppliers as they can easily get more suppliers in the competitive market. Therefore, there are many suppliers who want to form strong terms with the Reed Exhibition. Customers- Company might get affected due to the changes in the demand for the services considering the prices of the products. Reeds Exhibition Company is trying to deliver a platform for industry communities for conducting business and enable the exhibitors for targeting and attracting the new customers quickly and cost-effectively. The company is taking the benefit of this opportunity by targeting maximum customers (Ho, 2014). Competitors- The numbers of competitors are continuously increasing in the exhibition or event industry due to the increase in a number of customers. The competitors are affecting or influencing the decision of Reeds Exhibition (Mullakhmetov, et.al, 2016). The company is specialized in diverse sectors which include automobiles, beauty, and cosmetics, broadcasting, electronics, security, and safety. Hence, the company has strong competitors in different industries who are giving tough competition. General public- Company believes in satisfying the needs and expectations of customers, this is one of the primary objectives of the Reed Exhibition. The company is offering the diverse products to the customer that leads to the customer satisfaction. SWOT analysis Strength The company is having strong presence and position in the market which is a strength of Reed's Exhibition. The company delivers the delight services which fulfill the expectations of the customers. Hence, the strength of the company is to provide the customer satisfaction. The company tries to make use of the advanced software that helps the company in connecting people face to face. The use of technology is providing an advantage to Reed's managers to make deals more conveniently (Evans, 2015). Weakness The company is depended on the suppliers for raw materials which is a weakness of the company. The company should not be depended on the suppliers as the suppliers might increase the prices of the products which affect the working and the strategies of the company. Opportunities The company is having the opportunity to expand the business in the other market and the potential markets where the company is having the scope include China, Russia, Latin America and the Middle East. The company is performing more and more acquisitions that help the company in expanding the business in the market of China (Evans, 2015). Threats The market of the event exhibitions is increasing rapidly which ultimately increase the number of threats. The changes or fluctuations in the laws and regulations of the countries or nations might affect the working of the company and the strategies of the expansion (Hollensen, 2015). Conclusion The report talks about the external and internal analysis of the company discussed in the case study. The report includes the macro and micro factors along with the SWOT analysis which is necessary for tourism and hospitality management. This is the only way through which the company can analyze the market that is essential to take decisions to overcome the weakness and to grab the opportunity. References Bowie, D., Buttle, F., Brookes, M. and Mariussen, A., 2016.Hospitality marketing. Taylor Francis. CCPIT, 2015, Annual Report on Chinas Exhibition Industry 2015, Viewed on 4th January 2017, www.ccpit.org/Contents/Channel_3900/2016/0121/605710/.../file71453358973118.pdf Evans, N., 2015.Strategic management for tourism, hospitality and events. Routledge. Ho, J.K.K., 2014. Formulation of a systemic PEST analysis for strategic analysis.European academic research,2(5), pp.6478-6492. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Mullakhmetov, K.S., Sadriev, R.D., Gabidinova, G.S. and Akhmetshin, E.M., 2016. Control in marketing-based management.Academy of Marketing Studies Journal,20(2), p.13. Robinson, P., Fallon, P., Cameron, H. and Crotts, J.C. eds., 2016.Operations management in the travel industry. CABI. Rogers, T. and Davidson, R., 2015.Marketing destinations and venues for conferences, conventions and business events(Vol. 14). Routledge.

How work related learning aids in professional socialisation free essay sample

Work related learning is increasingly becoming a very important component in the learning system particularly for tertiary and higher education in Zimbabwe and abroad. It is now mandatory for al graduates to go for work related learning in their 3rd year for at least 10 months during their four year programme. As defined by DCSF (2009) work related learning is a planned activity that uses the context of work to develop knowledge, skills and understanding, useful in work, including learning through the experience of work, learning about work and working practices, and learning the skills for work. Work related learning can be termed, work place learning, work integrated learning or work focused learning. According to Macintyre, Murray and Teel (2009) professional socialization is the process by which individuals acquire the specialized knowledge, skills attitudes, values, norms and interest needed to perform their professional roles acceptably. In a broader sense Weidman, Twale and Stein (2001) define professional socialization as the process by which persons acquire knowledge, skills and disposition that makes them more or less effective members of society. We will write a custom essay sample on How work related learning aids in professional socialisation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Work related learning programme contributes to professional socialization of the learner in that it helps develop learner employability skills, provide learners with the opportunity to‘ learn by doing’ and to learn from experts. Work related learning programme also motivates and boosts self-confidence of students, develop career awareness and improve learner understanding of the economy, enterprise, finance and the structure of business organizations and how they work. A detailed discussion of these contributions of work related learning to professional socialization of the learner is given below. Professional identity formation Work related learning programme that has been adopted by tertiary institutions helps in professional identify formation. Collin (2009) defines professional identity as a sense of self that is connected to a particular  vocation. Cohen (1981) also defines it as an aspect of personal and social identity that develops in professional personnel as a result of their wok activities. Trede (2012) added that professional identity can only develop in engaged students and this takes place through careful critique of current practices and values. Engaged students involve themselves in debates about practice decisions and about practice experiences because this will enable them to act consciously and actively form their professional identity. Professional identity also involves change of oneself individual concept to such an extent that an identity develops within and for the profession (DCSF,2009). Different professions have various identities and it is through work related learning when such identities are actively formed. For example workers in the Tourism and Hospitality industry are identified by being smart, flexible calm, friendly, sharp memory etc. The learners for this industry are therefore supposed to have these characteristics. When students are on work related learning these characteristics develop within them replacing the ones they already had hence being professional socialized. Provides students an opportunity to â€Å"learn by doing† Work related learning program contributes to professional socialization of learners through enrichment the learner education. Institutions of higher learning are always seeking for ways to ensure that students apply their acquired knowledge to practice, this way they learn by doing (DSCF, 2009). Students in a range of fields including teachers, media professionals and social workers believe they learn more during their placement than from their classes. They also find the experience rewarding because they address real problems and the work they produce is used by other people (Bates, 2005). For example Tourism and Hospitality students can learn much of theory at university but when they go for work related learning they will have an opportunity to put theory into practice. For example they might have theoretical knowledge on how to serve food in a hotel, when they go to the actual work places they will serve the guests hence learning by doing. However, for learning by doing to be effective, supervisors must be able to assist students obtain professional knowledge by monitoring the difficulty of allocated tasks and helping the student anticipate their mistakes through discussion, modeling of appropriate behaviors and the provision of corrective feedback. The absence of proper supervisor might fail to make work related learning an effective tool for learning by doing. Professional values and ethics development Work related learning assists students in the development of professional values and ethics. Literature keeps reminding us that tertiary education is expected to create work-ready graduates (DEST, 2007). Such work-readiness includes readiness to engage in workplace norms and ethical readiness to navigate around ethical issues in the workplace, and modify one’s own views whilst improving the ethical practice around them. It is important to recognize that students on placement are still, despite holding personal values, in formative stages of developing their professional values and ethics, holding narrow conceptual understandings of professionalism (Grace and Trede, 2011). Students need to understand and navigate the increasingly important ethical aspects of being a professional. Work related learning aims to evolve within the student a sense of self and the development of an identity within their chosen profession (Campbell and Zegwaard, 2011). Given the rich learning environment that work-integrated learning affords, a valuable relationship between work related learning and professional ethics exists, and this allow students to be true professionals upon graduation. Development of employability skills of learners The working environment has undergone a number a changes in the past two decades. These changes, including economic, technological and social, have altered the skills that employers require of graduates (Cullen, 2004). Educational institutions need to ensure that their graduates have the necessary skills to make them employable after graduation. Higher education has a particularly important role to play in providing society with individuals trained in such a way that they can respond to the demands of knowledge-based occupations (CHE, 2001). This means that employers expect diplomat graduates to demonstrate management characteristics and skills that include being communicative, computer literate, innovative, initiators, strategic and lateral thinkers, competent, able to work with little orientation, responsible, assertive, decisive, and mult-skilled as well as be independent and critical thinkers (Maslen, 2000). Work-integrated learning programs help provides tertiary students with this experience hence professionally socializing the learners. Provides insights into possible careers Professional socialization affects individuals interests in a profession hence helps in making informed choices about the learners career (Page, 2005). Students may also use the placement to assess decisions about their career and decide if they are more suitable for particular roles within the industry. Work related leaning provides opportunities for learners to develop knowledge and understanding of work and enterprise, to develop skills for enterprise and employability and to learn through direct experiences and work enterprise experiences. While on work related learning learners find more about careers and would work, develop skills and self assess themselves. In most cases learners on work related learning evaluate their suitability to chosen professions. In some cases there can be a fit or mismatch of job requirements and the person’s interests. For example through enlightenment obtained from work related learning Tourism and Hospitality Management students will be able to choose whether to focus on either hospitality part of the programme or tourism part. According to Matamande N, Nyikahadzoi L, Taderera E and Mandimika E (2013) on their research on the effectiveness of work related learning from a student perspective various discoveries were made. It was found out that students were impressed by being attached as this enhanced their industrial/commercial exposure. Generally students liked the idea of being exposed to the practical world. However, there were some issues rose which needs to be addressed. It was noted that students have difficulties in securing placement hence might end up grabbing anything that comes their way and can sent most of their time on irrelevant assignments. This therefore calls for universities to seek placement for students so that they become attached to organizations which can help in professional socialization of learners positively. The research also recommended that for work related learning to a success, regular student visits should be done so as to address issues that may arise during the placement tenure and also to  assess performance of the learners (Matamande et al, 2013). This therefore will make work related learning contribute a lot to professional socialization of the learner. In conclusion, it is evident that work related learning contributes a lot to professional socialization of the learner as it gives â€Å"hands on† experience, forms professional identity, develops learner career paths and makes students more employable. For work related learning to be an effective tool for professional socialization of the learner educational institutions and the placement organizations must work together and contribute in the socialization process.

history of women essays

history of women essays Truman Capote, one of America's more colorful literary personalities, was born in New Orleans in 1924 and died in California in 1984. He wrote both fiction and non-fiction short stories, novels and novellas, travel writing, profiles, reportage, memoirs, plays and films. His work of fiction that is probably most well-known (although not many people know that Capote wrote it) is the novella Breakfast at Tiffany's. What I am most interested in, however, is his masterpiece, In Cold Blood. This "nonfiction novel" spawned a whole new genre of writing. It has been called literary journalism and creative nonfiction. In the small mid-western town of Holcomb, Kansas, a family is murdered. Capote sees the write-up in the paper and decides to visit the town and find out what happened. He begins his research before the murderers are captured. He is there when they are brought in to jail. He lives in the town; he gains the trust of the townspeople and the murderers. At least enough trust so that they speak candidly in front of him (he has a little help from his childhood friend, Harper Lee [author of To Kill a Mockingbird], who also interviews townspeople). The book was a commercial success, but Capote was never the same after. He spent six years of his life on this project, and much of it was harrowing. While imprisoned, Perry and Dick considered him a true friend and wanted his help to get a pardon. Capote felt torn by his affections for the two and by the knowledge of the horrific murders they had committed. Another question Capote may have asked was "What next?" It's always hard to follow a success because of expectations. Too, Capote never felt the "literary world" gave him credit for inventing a new form of writing, and he was definitely bitter about that. In any case, the whole experience seemed to have left Capote with a void inside. ...

Illegal Immigration in Morocco and Libya Research Paper

Illegal Immigration in Morocco and Libya - Research Paper Example ng the stakeholders involved, effects on human rights, effects the nations of Europe and their overall economic development, and what steps can be taken to rectify these problems. Through such an examination, it is the hope of this author that the reader can come to a more informed understanding of the unique determinants of illegal immigration from North Africa and the means through which Europe can seek to counter this destabilizing influence upon its future development. It does not take a great deal of careful consideration to realize the fact that countless tens of thousands of individuals each and every year risk their lives in whatever material possessions they might have in a desperate bid to enter southern Europe by. Whereas there are many different routes through which this might be accomplished, two of the most common and utilized routes for entering Europe illegally from Africa are via the coast of Morocco and the Libyan port city of Benghazi. Furthermore, although it might be convenient to understand all forms of African immigration into Europe in terms of a generic or similar pattern, the fact of the matter is that the differential between these two ports of entry not be more stark. As a function of seeking to analyze differential to a more full and complete degree, the following analysis will engage the reader with the unique dynamics that separate these two illegal immigration terminals. Before delving headlong into an analysis between these two potential ports of illegal entry into the European Union, it is first necessary to reference the different stakeholders involved. Firstly, and most obviously, the immigrants and it would be themselves are those who were at the most risk within the situation at hand. Secondly, another of culpable stakeholders involved those individuals, games, crime syndicates, and not portions of governance within the nations in question that actively promote and encourage this traffic as a means of enriching themselves.

The Impact of Ideas in Pearl Harbor and the Coming of Pacific War by Essay

The Impact of Ideas in Pearl Harbor and the Coming of Pacific War by Akira Iriye - Essay Example The interment can also be seen as obvious act of racism, perhaps the most thorough and widely accepted acts against on nationality in Unites States history and was explained as a necessity to ensure the safety of the American people but it was caused more by racial discrimination than by some other factor. Since even before the war, the Japanese community encounters social and economic racism (Shaffer, 2002). They would even ask permission before making or going to places in order for them to have assurance that they will be accepted in the society. Students were not included from the social circles in schools. The serious problem faced in that time is the Anti-Asian, where Americans viewed Asian people down. After the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese the common Americans became very approachable to anti-Japanese propaganda and long-time racists began their smears with transformed force. The Japanese and Japanese-Americans were referred to as "Japs" and press distributed report s that the bombing had been aided by Japanese Americans working on sugarcane fields and on fishing boats in Hawaii. The Government officials joined on the action and calling for their immediate interment and thus, claiming that Japanese Americans had penetrated strategic positions in California. Evidences were brought to the attention of the President and other officials stating that Japanese Americans were extraordinarily loyal to the United States and no evidences could presented to the contrary (Uchida, 1982). Moreover, they were still motivated to detain the Japanese. It will appear obviously to begin the internment in Hawaii where Japanese occupied up a full third of the residents and had been blamed of the conspiracy in the assault on Pearl Harbor.However, for unidentified reasons, the government officials overlooked Hawaii and focused their attention on the West Coast, invalidating their say that they were confining the Japanese Americans out of the military needs and neither . They also confined neither Germans nor Italians, though they had much greater numbers so therefore they received a huge potential threat to the nation. In these examples given the author is effective in depicting of the influence of racial discrimination. She put stressed the wrong act of the Americans against her races. According to Robert Shaffer (2000), in 1943, a Baptist minister and former missionary to Japan forecasted about the cure of Japanese Americans during World War II that future historians will record this migration, this violation of citizenship rights, as one of the blackest mark on American history as the time that democracy came the nearest of being ruined. The United States government officials have apologized for its wartime actions that, as one presidential commission on second thoughts conclude to American society and resident aliens of Japanese descendants. Furthermore, complicated political understanding of the global implications of the racialist internmen t policy informed the bonds formed of friendship, religious fellowship and acquaintances at school (Iriye, 1999). The critics of removal and internment highlighted contradictions in allies' ideological crusade against the Axis, comparing American racist actions

Visual aesthetics in movie Once upon a time in the west, and Frida Essay

Visual aesthetics in movie Once upon a time in the west, and Frida - Essay Example In rare form, the films aesthetics skillfully incorporates Kahlo's paintings into real scenes, often focusing for several minutes on the slight differences between realized canvas and filmed reality. The visuals are one of the film's strongest points. The same fluid efficiency that the direction produces during the scenes focused on the interplay between paint and flesh impressively permeates the whole film. The camera work, lighting and costumes assist in producing the aesthetic visualizations of the film. Another part of the movie's visual aesthetic is the rather stilted animations that occur between certain scenes of the film. Borrowing images from Kahlo's work and almost always centered on death another very visible theme of the movie, these transitions are eerie and strangely powerful. A scene early in the film, when Rivera is proposing to Kahlo, he tells her that while he can never be faithful, he promises at least his loyalty. The film itself makes a similar promise to its audience, and while in one sense "Frida" isn't worthy of its subject, it always remains loyal to her aesthetics. The film's constant visual backdrop is of a new town in the process of being built in the middle of the desert, a town that will be called Sweetwater, due to its valuable water supply which will be an important way station for the comin

HIV AIDS Education in the Emergency Services

HIV AIDS Education in the Emergency Services HIV AIDS Education, counseling support services in the emergency medical service environment Introduction Our presentation is about historical ground and theories of origin of human immunodefiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We going to briefly discuss HIV/AIDS education counseling and testing, support service in emergency medical service environment. We also going to touch on the background presentation measures and management including transmittion from one person to another (mayoclinic, 2014). Origin of HIV AIDS The origin of HIV and AIDS pandemic has been traced to the 1950’s in the city of Kinshasa, the capital city of Democratic Republic of Congo. The hunter’s theory is the most common excepted theory, Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) virus was transferred to human as a result of chimpanzees being killed and eaten. It also said that their blood was getting into the hunters cuts or wounds. SIV virus adapted itself within the human body an became HIV (canadian, 2014) Out lining the relationship between CD4 count and HIV Cd4 count is a protein that is sometimes express on the surface of a class of immune system (T-cells). T-cell is the one who recognized when the cells have virus. If the cells are infected the CD4 will be positive, then the T- cell will start looking around to see if there is any pathogens. If there is any of pathogen the antibody response will tell cell called macrophages to destroy it (NHLBI, 2014). At this stage we can say that the HIV needs to bind of CD4 and one of its receptors to gain entry into white blood cells. Then over a certain period HIV infection will decline the number of CD4 cells because of decreasing of the CD4 count manuscript, 2014 NIH Public accessed, and 2014). Stigma and discrimination Stigma refers to the prejudice and discrimination directed at people living with HIV and AIDS. It can be an important barrier to EMS personnel if we can implement it by advising personnel to get tested because most of people they afraid to see doctors to know about their results so that if they have disease they can start with treatment. Other thing is when personnel know that they have HIV/ AIDS they have a fear to talk about it or taking easy available precautions. So the more they have fear the stigma is processing on immune system, which lead to a seriously damage AIDS or aids epidemic continues to spread around. The epidemic of fear, stigmatization and discrimination has undermined the ability of personnel to protect them and provide support to the others who affected due to fear. If the affected personnel can have the supports from their love one’s, they can be able to stay positive all the times and take their treatment regularly. Ethical implications on HIV/AIDS are that health care workers should not disclose status of people/patient who tested positive and confidentiality should be maintained. HIV virus HIV envelop HIV viral protein that serves to form envelops where the glycoprotein referred to as envelops proteins because they make up of outer coat of human (mayoclinic, 2014). HIV Capsid Is protein shell that protects the virus’s genetic material (mayoclinic, 2014). HIV Enzyme It have three enzyme required for HIV replication and reverse which is transcriptase, integrase, protease. Before this enzymes become functional they it need to be cut from the longer polypeptide chain. Viral protease cuts the long chain into its individual enzyme components which then facilitate the production of new viruses (mayo clinic, 2014). HIV RNA Genetic material of HIV composed of ribonucleic acid It can detect by nucleic acid test (NAT) NAT is not used for HIV infection, but it is used for measuring HIV concentration (viral load) level in a positive person (mayoclinic,discovery:2014) HIV Glycoprotein This originally buried within the viral envelope, but when Gp120 binds to CD4 count receptors,Gp120 changes its confirmation causing Gp41 to become expose where it can assist infusion with the lost cell (mayoclic,2014) Mayoclinic:2014 Education According to mayo clinic, â€Å"HIV/AIDS is the condition whereby the immune system of the body becomes weak in a state where it cannot defend itself against organisms that cause disease†. Although there are many education programmes in South Africa we cannot afford not to take action because there are already about 950 AIDS related death in South Africa every day. The silence and stigma surroundings HIV AIDS must be broken and replaced by openance, good communication and compassion. Educating everyone especial in emergency care to understand how HIV AIDS is spread and what we can do to protect ourselves. Encourage personnel to change sexual behavior and to practice safe sex at all times. Making condoms freely and easily available. Educating personnel on how to use them (Male Female) ( discovery, mayoclinic,2014). Wellness programme Personnel should assists with information regarding HIV/AIDS Personnel are offered pre test counseling before test to prepare them emotionally and psychologically for test. All tests should be done by the professionals. After the test, personnels receive post test counseling to assists him or her to deal with the positive result (mayoclinic,2014 Provide HIV testing through the occupation Health clinic or we can refer to the external providers such as new start. Treatment for STI infections, like TB and HIV and AIDS (ARV’S). Continuous counseling and support to personnel (canadian, 2014) Emergency care workers are advice to always adhere to safety measures personal protective equipment (PPE). When working with fluid, blood and also with sharps like needles, scissors, blades, etc; you must work carefully to prevent needle pricks during working operation (canadian, 2014). SUPPORT SERVICE In situation where by a personnel is living with a HIV virus, issues to be considered like getting Psychological Support Moral support from management and from fellow or core workers (Discovery, 2014). Encourage personnel to take medication properly to live normal life as possible. The most pressing concern for scientist today should not be how the AIDS epidemic originated, but how those it affects can be treated (avert, 2014). Further spread of HIV can be prevented by education ,counseling and testing(Canadian, 2014) (Canadian, 2014) CONSELLING TESTING Personnel should be encouraged to know their HIV status by testing using trinity biotech and making sure that there is proper counseling that goes with testing (pre-post test) If the results is negative the trinity will have 1 line shows, if positive 2 lines will shows (discovery,2014 Conclusion It is likely that we will never know who the first person was infected with HIV, or exactly how it spread from that initial person. HIV education, counseling and testing is imperative in reducing new infections and deaths by means of safety measures and anti retroviral. Educating personnel, who is already living with this pandemic, encourage them to talk freely and have influence on their work by advising people where necessary. HIV and AIDS is a regarded as a behavioral problem. Let us not die from ignorance and denial, Let us do something or stand up (J.Mol,Biol,2011) References Aver, 2014 [online] available @ www.avert.org/hiv/aids-stigma and discrimination.htm accessed @ 15/10/2014 Copy right @1997 Canadian centre for occupation health health safety, support and service [online] available @ www.canadian.com accessed @ 05/102014 manuscript, 2014 NIH Public accessed, 2014). Discovery, (2014) support service [online] available @ http://www.wisc.edu/media.com accessed @ 02/10/2014 and 03/10/2014. J.Mol, Biol, (2011) how HIV AIDS transmitted [online]available @www.nebi.nih,gov/pubmed.com accessed @20/10/2014 Manuscript, 2014 HIV and AIDS [online] available on http://ncib,nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles.accessed @ 06/10/2014. Mayo clinic 2014 HIV and AIDS 0nline.available at http;//www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-condition/HIV/AIDS [emailprotected] 02/10/2014 NHLBI (2014), [online] available @ www.nhlbi.gov/health/health-topics/WELNESS.accessed @ 15/10/2014

The Implications of Ozone Depletion on Human Health Essay examples --

The Implications of Ozone Depletion on Human Health Introduction Hairspray. Refrigerators. Air conditioners. These everyday luxuries, while making human life more comfortable, are taxing our health seriously. Clorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, are anthropogenic chemicals used in refrigerants and as propellants in aerosols. CFCs, also known as freons, are also the primary culprit behind the depletion of stratospheric ozone, which allows harmful ultraviolet rays to reach the Earth and its inhabitants. When CFC molecules reach the stratosphere, the sun's radiation breaks it apart, freeing the chorine atom to destroy ozone molecules. The effect is a growing ozone hole which forms over Antarctica in October and usually lasts through mid November. During the annual ozone hole, the amount of UV radiation that reaches the Earth can double. Ozone depletion serves as a major health risk for human beings. The three primary health effects of ultraviolet radiation on human health are damage to the skin,eyes, and immune system. SKIN DAMAGE UV radiation causes significant damage to human skin, in the form of sunburns, aging, skin cancer, and nonmelanoma tumors. Human skin damage is primarily a result of tanning. The amount of UV exposure absorbed by a person is a direct result of the intensity of the light absorbed, the length of time of the exposure, and whether or not the skin was protected by clothing or sunscreen. Skin damage can be prevented by limiting when and how long one is exposed to sunlight, and by wearing protective clothing and sunscreen. Avoid exposure to sunlight during mid-day hours, when it is most intense. Tight weave clothing, and hats, protect against the sun's rays. Tanning beds, while popular, are also ... ...ening diseases. Conclusions Stratospheric ozone absorbs 97-99% of ultraviolet radiation. As this protective layer continues to dissentigrate, human health will suffer. One American dies every hour from skin cancer, a direct result of ozone depletion by anthropogenic chemicals, primarily CFCs, which damage the ozone layer. Alternate chemicals are now being used in the place of CFCs that will not damage statospheric ozone, and there is international recognition of the importance of developing these chemicals. The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty which limits the production of ozone depleting substances. Still, human health is at risk from the deletion of ozone, and the risk factor will continue to rise unless people and industries become more aware of the implications connected with everyday use of chemicals which destroy stratospheric ozone. The Implications of Ozone Depletion on Human Health Essay examples -- The Implications of Ozone Depletion on Human Health Introduction Hairspray. Refrigerators. Air conditioners. These everyday luxuries, while making human life more comfortable, are taxing our health seriously. Clorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, are anthropogenic chemicals used in refrigerants and as propellants in aerosols. CFCs, also known as freons, are also the primary culprit behind the depletion of stratospheric ozone, which allows harmful ultraviolet rays to reach the Earth and its inhabitants. When CFC molecules reach the stratosphere, the sun's radiation breaks it apart, freeing the chorine atom to destroy ozone molecules. The effect is a growing ozone hole which forms over Antarctica in October and usually lasts through mid November. During the annual ozone hole, the amount of UV radiation that reaches the Earth can double. Ozone depletion serves as a major health risk for human beings. The three primary health effects of ultraviolet radiation on human health are damage to the skin,eyes, and immune system. SKIN DAMAGE UV radiation causes significant damage to human skin, in the form of sunburns, aging, skin cancer, and nonmelanoma tumors. Human skin damage is primarily a result of tanning. The amount of UV exposure absorbed by a person is a direct result of the intensity of the light absorbed, the length of time of the exposure, and whether or not the skin was protected by clothing or sunscreen. Skin damage can be prevented by limiting when and how long one is exposed to sunlight, and by wearing protective clothing and sunscreen. Avoid exposure to sunlight during mid-day hours, when it is most intense. Tight weave clothing, and hats, protect against the sun's rays. Tanning beds, while popular, are also ... ...ening diseases. Conclusions Stratospheric ozone absorbs 97-99% of ultraviolet radiation. As this protective layer continues to dissentigrate, human health will suffer. One American dies every hour from skin cancer, a direct result of ozone depletion by anthropogenic chemicals, primarily CFCs, which damage the ozone layer. Alternate chemicals are now being used in the place of CFCs that will not damage statospheric ozone, and there is international recognition of the importance of developing these chemicals. The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty which limits the production of ozone depleting substances. Still, human health is at risk from the deletion of ozone, and the risk factor will continue to rise unless people and industries become more aware of the implications connected with everyday use of chemicals which destroy stratospheric ozone.

Nitesh@Solutions Unlimited Essay

Executive Summary Nitish is disturbed by certain situations that have hampered his relation with Meena since his joining Solutions Unlimited. He is faced with three options namely; he can work to mend his relation with Meena, leave the company and search for other prospects or reach out to the top management. These options have to be evaluated on what impact they would have in his career and at the workplace. Staying at the organisation and working towards mending relations with Meena seems to be the best option. But he should also accept his part in creating such situations at the first place. Word Count:100 Contents 1. Situation Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 2. Problem Definition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2 3. Options†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 4. Criteria for evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 5. Evaluation of Options†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 6. Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 7. Action Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.4 â€Å"Nitish @ Solutions Unlimited- Decision Report† Situational Analysis Nitish has a good academic background and he was admired by his seniors as well his colleagues in his previous job. But after working for two years in a consultancy firm in Jamshedpur, he sought to work in a different city and so he applied for Solutions Unlimited through his friend, Arvind. Arvind and Vidya had told him that Solutions Unlimited would give him a good environment to work in and the informal culture here would make his work enjoyable and would also provide him with many opportunities to grow. The chain of events that took place since he joined the orgainsation have now made Nitish’s staying in the organisation difficult as his relations with Meena and Mr. Alagu have turned sour. He was not satisfied with the initial offer given to him and that led to Meena being given a mouthful by Mr.  Kapoor. Also there were issues regarding the payment of severance to his previous employers and his spouse’s travel. According to the company’s policy only 50% of the severance pay was done and there was no policy to pay for spouse’s travel. This led to Nitish being put in a bad light in from of Mr. Alagu. Even though he got opportunities to participate in various projects but he was not allowed to work properly by Meena. For instance he was not allowed to go to New Zealand with Mr. Kapoor and also he was told that he would not be needed for the project from Korea as the scope had changed. He was also taunted by Mr. Alagu and Meena when they came to know that he was working closely with the MD. All these events have disturbed him as he didn’t want any bad blood between anyone in the workplace. But all these things place in the first place owing to many flaws in Solutions Unlimited and also by Nitish. Even though he had experience from two organisations he was careless and unprofessional while negotiating the salary with Venkat. He also believed when Venkat said that his severance pay and also his wife’s travel pay would be done; he didn’t take any written confirmation from him. He was careless enough to lose the email. There was no proper structure in the organisation. There were no Director and Associate Director for Human Resources, and Meena and Venkat were quite inexperienced in the organisation. The policies were not communicated to Nitish when he joined and so there was dispute regarding payment of severance. Recently his work has been appreciated by the CEO and Manish. He was asked by Meena to go to Nagpur to finalise the details of the project he was involved in and also handle the project. This has given an opportunity to Nitish to introspect and think about his future course of action. Problem Statement The problem facing Nitish is what course of action he should take after coming from Nagpur. He is faced with the dilemma of whether to work towards building a good relation with his peers in the organisation or search for better prospects elsewhere. Options 1. Nitish should work hard towards removing the bad blood between himself and Meena and concentrate on building a good future in Solutions Unlimited. 2. Nitish should leave the organisation and search of better prospects elsewhere. 3. Nitish should take the matter to Manish and let them know how he is being treated and ask for necessary steps to be taken. Criteria for Evaluation The options need to be evaluated such that they satisfy the following criteria: 1. Impact on Nitish’s career: the course of action should be such that his career does not take a downfall. 2. Impact at the workplace: the course of action should improve his experience at workplace rather than degrade it. Evaluation of Options 1. Staying in the organisation: a. Nitish’s work is admired and his experience is appreciated by his seniors at the company. He has been given the responsibility of handling the project he was working in. If he can stop complaining and take proper steps towards improving the relations between Meena and himself, then he will have lesser problems to worry about. His impression in front of Manish is very good and is he continues to work hard then his career will take a great leap. b. When his relationship with Meena is mended, he will automatically come in the good books of Mr. Alagu. Eventually the things that used to disturb him will go away and he will be happy with his career. 2. Leaving the organisation: a. Leaving the company on bad terms will surely hamper his career. The feedback from the previous employers will create a bad image. This will affect his future prospects and his career growth. b. Provided he gets a job elsewhere, his previous image will do him no help in front of his peers and seniors. He will face difficulty securing better projects and this will add more to his situation. 3. Taking matters to the top management: a. Taking matters to Manish may help in certain ways to review the internal policies but this will bring further create cracks in his relation with Meena and Mr. Alagu. This would create more problems in his career and he would lose trust among many seniors in the organisation. b. This will not improve his conditions in his workplace and he will create more enemies due to his high-handedness. Recommendations I recommend that Nitish should stay in the organisation and work hard to build a better relationship with Meena and Mr. Alagu. Action Plan  Nitish, first and foremost should identify how he was also partly responsible in creating such situations in the first place. Rather than hoping that things should work out, he should approach Meena and have a talk about how things have led to such acerbic relation between them and work out their differences. He should accept his wrongdoings and also bring out the fact that policies also need to be reviewed so that such situations don’t crop up again.

Advantages of watching TV shows such as 2020 essays

Advantages of watching TV shows such as 2020 essays Talk Shows sometimes can be educational, for awareness, personal stories, fashion, or reunions; it just depends on what the viewers of that show are more interested in. Some of these shows are just shows, just movies, and a story of several people that keeps going; however, they are different from Soap Operas because Soap Operas are stories about many different characters, not one story. Shows such as the Family Feud, are game shows, but can be educational at the same time. There are many different types of shows being viewed by America on television. It all depends on the person watching, and what he chooses to watch. Each person has the opportunity to watch whatever he or she wants to watch. This is why channels were created. If you dont want to watch a show, change the channel. And parents take your children out. Maybe since we watch television so much, we too have become overweight, as many Americans have. ...

Kazaa blunder essays

Kazaa blunder essays Kazaa is indicative of E-Commerce I because it was technology driven. The whole system was run from a software design of a Swedish and Dutch designer. The base of Kazaa was modern technology. Revenue growth was not the tremendous part of Kazaa. It did however make revenue from having big corporations advertise on their site, but they did not generate much revenue from its users. In the beginning Kazaa was ungoverned. When recording companies began to spring up and slap the company with copyright infringements, it quickly became more and more governed, leading to its demise. I do not believe that kazaa was totally an entrepreneurial venture, since Napster was founded and marketed before Kazaa existed. One last trait of E-Commerce I was that Kazaa possessed a pure online strategy. It knew its target market and became one of the most popular peer-to-peer sites in the history of the internet. As for E-Commerce II, Kazaa was certainly business driven. They did not have the consume r in mind for their profit making, rather the corporate big names like Microsoft and Net Flix (to name a few). It did hold a certain emphasis on profits, although it was not a huge emphasis. As Kazaa grew and more controversy arouse, it seemed to have more governance and stronger regulations. I feel this was because when it was a hot issue about a year or so ago, it was covered on the news almost n a daily basis. Lastly I feel that kazaa had tremendous follower strength, right up to the end. I can recall the cases were the government was fining a 13-year-old children on their computers for downloading illegal music. Threats were made to the consumer, but they still carried on with Kazaa, especially the college crowd. As stated before, Kazaa made their money through offering advertising on the website. As explained earlier, Kazaa falls into both categories of E-Commerce I The technological advances of peer to peer technology are many. The ease...

Cost Benefit Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost Benefit Analysis - Essay Example Notably, according to a 15 year model on fortified iodine by Food Standards Australia New Zealand   in Australia, fortification will give rise to benefits after one year from the time it was implemented, and more importantly, the benefits accrue to the individuals who achieve iodine replete status before 15 years of age and also they remain iodine replete to that age.Notably, according to a 15 year model on fortified iodine by Food Standards Australia New Zealand in Australia, fortification will give rise to benefits after one year from the time it was implemented, and more importantly, the benefits accrue to the individuals who achieve iodine replete status before 15 years of age and also they remain iodine replete to that age.Costs Evidently, the cost of the mandatory fortification includes the cost to the government that comprises of administering as well as enforcing fortification, the cost of the health monitoring, and the cost to the industry of fortification. Moreover, there are other potential cost that will be involved due to the introduction of the policies complementary to fortification and restriction of consumer choice. Essentially, due to fortification, the consumers are likely to face a reduction of choice and this can also result to an increase of price of the processed products. Although the cost of reduction of choice may not be quantified, it is clear that fortification will not give chance to the consumers to avoid fortified products and therefore they will have to make some considerable changes to their dietary habits. According to Caldwell et al. the salt production in United States is slightly above 60,000 tones. Mainly, due to mandatory fortification, salt manufacturers will require some machinery together with equipment that will match the demand for the iodized salt (Caldwell et al. 932). Similarly, some of the industries will have to make some changes in labeling of the product in order to make sure that the iodized and non-iodized salt is not confused. Evidently, also the industries will have to add an iodine compound to the premix of salt which will be followed by analytical testing. The industries will also incur additional ware-housing costs owing to the fact that there is need to store separately the specific iodized salt. Similarly, the government will also have to undertake training and awareness with regard to the mandatory fortification, administration, auditing, and also instate mechanism for dealing with complaints. All this activities will require some additional costs. Benefits Generally, the benefits associated with fortification include a reduction in morbidity due to a reduction of iodine deficiency disorders, increased IQ and hence this will also result to improved productivity, reduction of absenteeism of employees who suffer from iodine deficiency disorders and related management cost, and enhanced performance at school and improved school attendance. More importantly, all of these benefits cannot be measured directly (Zimmerman

Society should work for gender neutrality because it benefits both Essay - 1

Society should work for gender neutrality because it benefits both genders. Agree or disagree - Essay Example Gender Neutrality is beneficial for the society because it will create a balance between the individuals living in the society. There will be a more health working and living environment for the residents of the society irrespective of their genders and sexes. But if the society do not focus on this important aspect then it would be a harmful situation in the coming years of life. Women may feel dis-respect because it is obvious that men are treated as a valuable asset in the society. However, an author is of the opinion that women are playing roles that are more important in the society development (Sandberg & Maria 2). The women are fully involved in the personality building of the new generation minds. It is a famous saying that there is always a woman behind every successful man. Some authors are of the opinion that role distribution is based on the physical strength of the men and women. There can be internal hormonal differences between men and women, which are the basis of the strength of the individual (Perrin 2). Therefore, usually women are not assigned those tasks, which they cannot bear upon their body. There is another research study that boys are stronger than girls (FlorCruz 1). However, many critics argue that we should not make hard and fast rules for the responsibilities of men and women. Rather there should be an open choice or preference for both men and women. The equal opportunity availability also give a psychological value and importance, after this, it would be rest on the women that she can do it or not. Gender neutralists strongly support this point of view. Several Governments are involved in the propagation of the idea of the gender equality in their state. Sweden Government is putting efforts to keep women rights (Abend 3). The idea of gender equality or gender neutralism can only be possible when there are policies, rules and regulations regarding this point. Government should take actions to implement this strategy.

Evangelism and Colonialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evangelism and Colonialization - Essay Example Pedro Cabral is one of the most renowned explorers of the world for his discovery of Brazil in 1500. In 1549, the first governor general of Brazil was Tome de Sousa. During his period as governor general, there was an increase in evangelism in Brazil. Pedro Cabral explores the coast of Brazil under the orders from the King of Portugal (Beidelman, 73). The Portuguese signed the Treaty of Tordesillas that meant there was a division between Christians and non-Christians outside of Europe. The Jesuit missionaries spread Christianity to Brazil Indians. The missionaries clash with adventurers in Brazil with the main aim of capturing Indian and looking for minerals. The Jesuit missionaries play an important role in the spread of evangelism in Brazil and its surrounding areas (Rivera, PagaÃŒ n & Justo, 54). The Portuguese individuals turned to slavery to solve their labor problems. The presence of slaves led to the development of sugar industries in North East of the country. Brazil became the largest producer of sugar because the conditions in the country were favorable. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Spain and Portugal became the new states that promoted colonization in the world. The developed of skills to travel in the ocean meant that they could travel around the world in search of colonies. The discovery of ocean skills the world the Portuguese China trade between the 1514 and 1550 (Rivera, PagaÃŒ n & Justo, 54). Jorge Alvares was the first European Explorer to reach Asia. His arrival in China boosted trade within the region.

Evaluating Art Throughout The Ages Essay Example for Free

Evaluating Art Throughout The Ages Essay Throughout the history of art, evaluation of artistic works has continued even long after the artist’s lifetime. This is because the proper evaluation of any work of art involves an understanding of its cultural and historical context, its philosophy and the message the artist tries to convey. Although beauty (aesthetics) used to be an important component of art evaluation, post-modern and abstract art have delegated it to obscurity. (Schaeffer) Below are some criteria relevant to evaluating art from any period of history : 1. Technical quality and brilliance : These consist of form (structure and expression), contrast (separation of object from background in many instances), texture, colour display or the use of lines (in line art), composition of various objects in the artwork and quality of craftsmanship. 2. Artistic integrity and vision : Artists should remain true to their worldview and to themselves. This means not only uniqueness and originality, but also remaining committed to the ideal and style he is trying to depict. 3. Philosophy and world view : This is often referred to the work’s hidden meaning, and the values it represents. E. g. in prehistoric cave art, the world view would often be related to the day-to-day wish fulfilment of bountiful hunting. Salvador Dali’s artistic philosophy was based on surrealism ( attached picture ), which often had a dream-like quality. 4. Relation to the artist’s life’s work, its genre and period in history : Many of these qualities cannot be completely evaluated during the artist’s life time, and may require significant periods of time after its completion. In many cases it is never complete e. g. masterpieces like the Mona Lisa continue to be evaluated, centuries after it was finished. Reference : Schaeffer Francis (1978). Art and the Bible. Figure. Salvador Dali’s ‘Dream of a Virgin’ depicts his surrealistic philosophy, and a dream state.

Sickle Cell Anemia: Treatment and Effects

Sickle Cell Anemia: Treatment and Effects Sickle cell anemia is an inherited genetic blood disorder characterized by bouts of intense pain, organ damage, infection, depleted oxygen levels and at times premature death. Although it has come to be known as a disease that affects mainly people of African decent; affliction with sickle cell anemia has also been observed in those individuals with ancestry stemming from parts of the Middle East, India, Latin America, the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. The genetic aspect of the disease is as such; one gene for the illness must be inherited from both parents for that person to be determined to have sickle cell disease. Therefore, a person with sickle cell disease has inherited one mutated copy for the trait from both of its parents. The mutated trait that leads to sickle cell disease impacts the creation of hemoglobin by the body. In a normal individual without the sickle cell trait or disease, they create hemoglobin A (HbA). However, in persons with sickle cell disease, their bone marrow creates a form of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S (HbS). It is the creation of Hb(S) that causes the formation of abnormal red blood cells. In a healthy individual, the red blood cells are usually disc-shaped but with Hb(S), the red blood cells have a stretched out sickle shaped appearance (Figure 1). Although it has been around for hundreds of years, sickle cell anemia was only scientifically observed in the early 1900s when in 1910 Dr. James B. Herrick noted the presence of sickle cells in the blood of Walter C. Noel. Further scientific study showed that the sickling of the red blood cells was related to low blood oxygen. Major advancements into the study of sickle cell anemia were first achieved in 1949 by Dr. Linus Pauling who postulated that the hemoglobin produced by those with sickle cell disease was abnormal and secondly by Vernon Ingram who in 1959 discovered that the difference between Hb(S) and Hb(A) was a single amino-acid substitution in the ÃŽÂ ²-polypeptide chain (ÃŽÂ ²6Glu à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Val)(Wikipedia). Other scientists followed this line of thinking (Figure 2) and found that this switch in the ÃŽÂ ²-polypeptide chain was due to a substitution of thymine for adenine in the DNA codon for Glu (GAG à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ GTG). This was the first example in any species of the effects of a mutation on a protein (ibid). Genetics of Sickle Cell Sickle cell anemia, like other traits such as height, hair and eye color is an inherited attribute. Both parents must be carriers of these particular traits in order to pass on copies of these genes to their offspring. In the case of sickle cell which is an inherited autosomal recessive point mutation (see Figure 3), the hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) that is located on chromosome 11p.15.5 is affected. The mutation that affects this gene is the direct result of a glutamate being substituted for a valine. This exchange of the ÃŽÂ ²-globin gene occurs in the sixth codon of the HBB gene and signifies that the disorder is caused by a single mutation in the nucleotide, an A to T changeover resulting in a GAG to a GTG sequence (see Figure 4). The substitution of the glutamate for valine causes a Figure 4change to the structure and the function of the HBB gene and causes it to produce structurally abnormal hemoglobin (Hb), called hemoglobin S; HbS (National Center for Biotechnology).The importance of Hb is that it serves as an oxygen carrying protein that gives red blood cells their characteristic color (ibid). As previously stated, the allele responsible for causing sickle cell anemia is autosomal recessive and can be found on the short arm of chromosome 11 (Wikipedia). This means that an individual that has been diagnosed with sickle cell disease has received both copies of the mutated gene from their parents who each carry one copy of the mutated gene. Sickle Cell Anemia and the Malaria Influence In understanding the genetics of sickle cell anemia, it is important to recognize the role in which the mosquito born disease malaria played in the high incidences of sickle cell trait. With the introduction of malaria into areas of sub-Saharan Africa over 4000 years ago, naturally occurring genetic defense mechanisms have evolved for resisting infection by malaria (Tishkoff, 2001). One such defense has been the sickle cell trait. How is this possible? The initial answer comes from the relationship between the two. As illustrated in figure 5, areas hit hardest by malaria, where the disease is endemic, also show a high frequency of individuals that carry the Hb(S) gene. The data also indicates that in areas where malaria occurs at a much lower rate, such as in cooler drier climates, the gene expression of the sickle hemoglobin is greatly reduced or nonexistant. In West Africa, where malaria is so common that most children are infected with the disease, the incidences of sickle cell trait are as high as 40%. Though many suffer symptoms that are severe enough to warrant trips to the hospital, for most, the disease is not fatal. The key to their resistance is in their genes. Genes are all paired with each parent supplying one half of each pair. If either hemoglobin gene undergoes a mutation, the hemoglobin it makes will be changed. This particular mutation called the sickle cell gene is tiny but it is enough to change the shape of the hemoglobin molecules it makes. In areas where malaria is endemic, carriers of the Hb (S) gene have gained some resistance to malaria. This resistance results from the red blood cells that the Hb (S) carriers have. When the malaria parasite attempts to infect the red blood cells of an Hb (S) carrier, the abnormal hemoglobin present tends to sickle and this causes it to rupture. The rupturing prohibits the malaria parasite from reproducing. Due to their sickle shape, the infected cells die, are processed in the spleen and are then eliminated out of the body. The frequency of sickle-cell genes is around 10%. The existence of four haplotypes of sickle-type hemoglobin suggests that this mutation has emerged independently at least four times in malaria-endemic areas, further demonstrating its evolutionary advantage in such affected regions(The Medical News). Thus, people that had one copy of the gene were able to survive the malaria infection. They were able to grow up, get married and have children and pass the genes on to the next generation. This is selective pressure; that gene had an advantage in that particular environment for those carriers. We all have lots of small gene mutations; they mostly go unnoticed but if the environment changes, one may suddenly show unforeseen effects both good and bad. In this case, one copy of the gene is beneficial but two can be disastrous. In the USA, where there is no endemic malaria, the prevalence of sickle-cell anemia among blacks is lower (about 0.25%) than in West Africa (about 4.0%) and is falling (National Center for Biotechnology). As such, the sickle cell trait is gradually being selected out of that population. Inheritance of Sickle Cell Trait/Disease Figure 6In order to inherit the sickle cell trait one parent must be a carrier of the HBB, ÃŽÂ ²-globin S mutation and the other a carrier of an HBB mutation such as ÃŽÂ ²-thalassemia (M.A. Bender). A person develops the disease when they receive a copy of the defective gene from both parents. An individual that is heterozygous for the trait; in which they have one mutated and one healthy allele will remain healthy, but will be able to pass on the disease to their offspring. As such, this person is referred to as a carrier. Take for example two parents who are carriers (Rr) for sickle cell trait. Were they to have a child, there is a 25 percent chance that their child will develop the disease and a 50 percent chance of that child being a carrier. These examples as well as the other statistical possibilities are depicted in Figure 6. Individuals that are heterozygous for the sickle cell trait have a higher fitness than either of the homozygotes. This is known as heterozygote adv antage (Brigham and Womens Hospital). As this has remained a favorable adaptive advantage, the high prevalence of carriers in areas where malaria is still widespread brings to the forefront the reality that sickle cell disease is still pervasive in those regions. Hemoglobin: the story of Sickle Cell I had the idea in 1945 that sickle cell anemia might be a disease of the hemoglobin molecule. No one had ever suggested the idea of a molecular disease before. As soon I had this idea, I thought it must be right. From what I know of the properties of these patients I believed that this is a disease of the molecule; that if we looked at the blood of these patients we shall find that the hemoglobin molecules are different from other people. Linus Pauling Figure 7. Linus Pauling. BioRichUSALinus Pauling began his research into sickle cell disease by paying particularly close attention to the role that hemoglobin played in its manifestation. Hemoglobin is an oxygen carrying protein found inside red blood cells. Pauling theorized that the hemoglobin that characterizes sickle cell disease is abnormal. His studies showed that sickle cell Hb (S) does differ from Hb (A) in that it has a lower negative charge and pH. In sickle cell anemia, which is a common form of sickle cell disease, hemoglobin S replaces both beta-globin subunits in hemoglobin (Genetics Home Reference). Further inspection into the nature of hemoglobin shows that the hemoglobin protein produced in adults is divided into four sub-units that are joined together. These grouped sub-units are known as protein chains. Two types of these protein chains exist: 1) the alpha (ÃŽÂ ±) globin chain and 2) the beta (ÃŽÂ ²) globin chain. Hemoglobin protein is made up of two alpha globin chains and two beta globin chains. It is important to note that the genetic information used by the body to make the two hemoglobin chains can be found in two different hemoglobin genes located on two different chromosomes (Barlow-Stewart, 2001). The two identical ÃŽÂ ±-globin genes that code for ÃŽÂ ± globin chains is located on chromosome 16. Figure 8The ÃŽÂ ²-globin gene codes for the beta (ÃŽÂ ²) globin chain is located on  chromosome 11 (see Figure 8). Two copies of each of these chromosomes can be found in body cells. Everyone therefore has four copies of the alpha globin gene and two copies of the beta globin gene in their body cells (ibid). According to statics posted by the World Health Organization, it is estimated that five percent of adults are carriers for a hemoglobin condition with approximately 2.3% of that number accounting for those adults diagnosed with sickle cell disease. Interestingly enough, there is a correlation between a persons ancestry and the influence it has on the likelihood of that person being a genetic carrier for a hemoglobin condition such as sickle cell anemia. Detection and Treatment Detection of sickle cell disease can take place in one of two ways amniocentesis and blood testing. Blood testing on newborns is now conducted in more than 40 states. The use of pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is also being utilized to help those parents that are undergoing in vitro fertilization and are also carriers of the sickle cell trait identify those embryos that have the defective sickle cell hemoglobin. In so doing, this allows the parents to choose only to implant those embryos that are free of the defect. The treatment of sickle cell disease has taken on the form of prescribing hydroxyurea, an antitumor drug that aids in the creation of fetal hemoglobin. Increased production of fetal hemoglobin helps to prevent the hemoglobin from sickling. New therapies have begun to be developed to treat sickle cell disease at the genetic level. Since December 2001, scientists have conducted research into looking at curing sickle cell disease by correcting the defective hemoglo bin; further testing needs to occur to determine the effectiveness of these genetic treatments. Conclusion Sickle cell is a uniquely fascinating disease in that it is one of a few genetic abnormalities that actually have a positive effect: it can be immensely beneficial protecting its carriers from facing the full brunt of the malicious malaria virus, as it renders the cells the virus invades as inhospitable. On the other end of the spectrum, however, it can also be a devastating affliction that leaves its victims with lives marked by constant pain crises and frequent stays in hospitals. Unfortunately, for those suffering from particularly severe sickle cell disease, there is no guaranteed cure for it, but there are potential treatments that scientists are researching to determine their plausibility. How Celtic was Iron Age Britain? How Celtic was Iron Age Britain? The concept of classifying a period of prehistory as the Iron Age was first introduced in the 19th century, and later validated by the massively significant discoveries at Hallstatt and La Tà ¨ne. Subsequently, the era was broken down into chronological periods, against which the British Iron Age is now defined. For ease of definition, The British Iron Age tends to be broken into three periods, Early, Middle and Late, spanning roughly 1000 years, from 800 BC to the 2nd century AD, and is so named owing to the discovery and development of iron taking prevalence over the use of bronze. The term Celtic, having passed into the vernacular, is now nothing more than a vague generic term. The traditional view was that Iron Age Britons were part of a vast Celtic Commonwealth which then stretched across Europe, a world of peoples who spoke related languages, and who shared a distinctive set of values, social institutions, spirituality, art and other aspects of life and culture. (James 1997, 2). This is now acknowledged to be a massive oversimplification, a romanticised notion born of theories put forward by 18th century scholars, based on classical Latin and Greek sources. Edward Lhuyd proposed that Welsh, Scottish and Irish languages all stem from the ancient Gaulish. The label Celtic was then transposed from the languages to the people themselves, landscapes, and their perceived culture and art. Historically and archaeologically speaking, this word is unhelpful and uninformative. Indeed, Simon James has suggested that calling the Iron Age Celtic is so misleading that it is best abandoned. (James S. 01.06.98) As the term Celtic is virtually meaningless, for the purpose of this piece we shall investigate to what extent the indigenous population of Britain were influenced by their continental counterparts. It was thought that the Iron Age Britons (comprising of diverse and often warring tribes and were in no way unified) were subject to a number of Belgic invasions during the Iron Age. Some of the evidence for this model comes from Caesar, who states that prior to his own expeditions of 55 and 54 B.C., the population of the coastal regions of south-eastern Britain had themselves migrated from Belgic Gaul, first in search of plunder, and subsequently in order to settle permanently. He also reported that in his own lifetime, Diviciacus had been not only the most powerful ruler in all Gaul, but had also exercised sovereignty in Britain. (D.W. Harding 1974, 201) There is archaeological evidence which has been used to support this model. The discovery of the Battersea shield in 1857, an intricately decorated piece, is similar to a bronze shield found in the river Witham in Lincolnshire. Both are similar in design to artefacts found at La Tà ¨ne. These finds, combined with cemetery sites in Aylesford, Welwyn and East Yorkshire, which bore close relation to Gaulish burial rites, were taken as verifying the theory of invasion as the principal, even sole, cause of change in prehistoric Britain. (James 1997, 12) With the coming of iron came a number of fortified defences or hillforts. There are approximately 3,300 such defences on mainland Britain. It was originally thought that these were a response to an invasion in the 3rd century B.C. letting loose bands of Celtic warriors over large parts of the south country. (Harding 1974, 54) However, subsequent investigation has found that techniques such as timber lacing, which was prevalent on the Continent, was also adopted in Britain. This presents us with the fact that there were indeed links with the Continent, which were not necessarily hostile, as their technology is shared and assimilated. Some tribes depended entirely on agriculture where the land and soil permitted; others in coastal regions where the land was not so hospitable, subsisted entirely from the sea. Settlement types varied accordingly, from the commonly used roundhouse, to the Lake Village near Glastonbury in the Somerset levels, to the stone built brochs of Northern Scotland. Such diversity does not seem to have been echoed on the Continent, although there were similarities in some areas. Referring to a settlement in Kent, Caesar wrote that the buildings were situated in close proximity to each other, and very similar to the settlements of the Gauls. However, there remains little evidence to date to suggest a strong relationship between the dwellings on the continent, and those in Britain. The economy mainly relied on agriculture and the manufacture of certain goods. Barry Cunliffe describes it thus: a broadly parallel development between Britain and the Continent, the two areas retaining a close contact, which encouraged a free flow of ideas and an exchange of goods, while indigenous traditions remain dominant. (Cunliffe 1991, 442) The use of coinage came into practice around 100 B.C. and directly emulated the Gallic system. There were comparisons with the economy of the Continent, but the British remained insular to some extent until the later Roman invasion. We have some archaeological evidence of the funerary practices of ancient Britain, but only classical references inform us as to the gods, druids and priesthoods intrinsic to these beliefs. According to Caesar, the Gauls and the British shared several practices, including the training of Druids. In the early Iron Age, the disposal of bodies left no archaeological trace. The middle iron age sees cemeteries and inhumations with goods, whilst the late Iron Age sees the introduction of cremations form Gaul. In addition, many bodies from this era have been retrieved from peat bogs throughout northern Europe, often with signs of multiple causes of death, perhaps indicating ritual sacrifice. Evidence suggests that similar beliefs are held throughout Europe at this time, and would seem to denote a belief in some form of afterlife. Much is made of the Celtic head cult, but this largely depends on interpretation of the evidence. ‘There is no doubt that the head was considered the most im portant part of the human body the emphasis on head-hunting demonstrates this and the stress on the head in Celtic art is incontestable. Yet I believe it is a mistake to think in terms of a specific head-cult’ (Green 1986, 216). In conclusion, how Belgae Gallic was Iron Age Britain? Certainly, many aspects of Iron Age life were influenced by the Belgic Gauls, to varying degrees throughout the period. But to call the British Iron Age Celtic is a simplified generalisation; some areas were touched by Continental practices, others, more geographically remote from the south coast will have felt their influences far less. However, it seems far less likely that Britain was invaded per se. Simon James states that Britain in the Iron Age grew with vital, if not erratic, contributions and influences from continental Europe in the form of trade, kinship links, and pretty certainly some localised immigration, especially in the late Iron Age South. (James 1997, 84)The revisionist theory seems at this moment far more plausible than the concept of wholesale invasion. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cunliffe, Barry, Iron Age Communities in Britain, Routledge 1991 Green, Miranda, The Gods of the Celts, Gloucester 1986. Harding, D.W., The Iron Age in Lowland Britain, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1974 James, S. Rigby, V., Britain and the Celtic Iron Age, British Museum Press 1997 James, S., 1998 Peoples of Britain (online) UK; Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/prehistory/peoples_03.shtml Accessed 29th April 2005